30 Comments

1. I hhope someone calls Macron to account, reminding him of what he said

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2. I think it’s undeniable that if a location has a wet winter, which encourages growth of inflammable material, then a long, hot dry spell, that is creating conditions for wild fires to occur. But wild fires depend on something to start them. As the pie charts in this article show, we don’t know what causes most fires, but we do know that in those cases where we have a known cause, natural causes represent a tiny minority of the fires.

   It makes sense therefore to analyse the causes of the fires, and also to consider the extent to which other factors are making things worse – such as planting highly inflammable commercial woodlands in areas where the climate means that wild fires could be problematic.

   A serious study, funded objectively, rather than skewed towards finding that climate change is inevitably the culprit, would assess all the factors objectively, and would weight the relative factors. Perhaps, then, we would find that climate change is a relatively minor player. Perhaps not. But we’ll never know so long as the hysteria is all about climate change.

   Balance to the narrative, with a concentration on facts, would also be helpful. Our World in Data is worth a look:

   https://ourworldindata.org/wildfires

   Is the area burnt by wildfires increasing or decreasing globally?

   There is increasing concern about the impacts of global warming on wildfire frequency and severity. Factors such as increased heat, humidity, the drying effect on vegetation, and wind patterns can all affect the risk of large wildfires.

   However, some observers have noted that globally, the amount of area burned by wildfires each year has gone down over the last few decades.

   If you look at statistics from the Global Wildfire Information System shown in the chart here, since the early 2000s, there has been a noticeable decline in the annual extent of land affected by wildfires.⁴

   To understand what’s going on, it’s useful to look at how areas burnt have changed across different landscapes. In the chart below, we see the amount of area burned by land cover. You can see that most of this decline has come from shrublands, grasslands, and croplands (with small declines in savannas). Forest fires have been relatively stable.

   Much of this decline has occurred in Africa and, to a lesser extent, in Oceania. The data suggests small declines in Europe, too.

   In a paper published in Science, researchers note this same trend: “Unexpectedly, global burned area declined by ∼25% over the past 18 years, despite the influence of climate.”⁵ They, too, point out that this is largely driven by a decline in burn rates in grasslands and savannas as a result of the expansion and intensification of agriculture.

   This highlights the strong role that human activity and land use management play in wildfire extent, alongside weather- and climate-related factors. Both factors must be considered when trying to minimize the damage of increasing fire risk in a changing climate.

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3. Paul Homewood also has a piece worth reading:

   Wildfires & Natura2000

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4. This is also interesting:

   https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/estimates

   We’re just over halfway through the year and just over halfway through meteorological summer, so that has to be borne in mind, but while it’s clear that Italy, France, Sweden and the Netherlands are seeing more areas burned than usual, most of Europe is seeing burns at well below the long-term average.

   These graphs:

   https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/seasonaltrend

   show a massive summer spike, and it looks as though this year’s spike has arrived early. What will be key is if the spike continues, in which case the apocalypse narrative might have some merit, but if the spike drops off as quickly as it usually does, then overall wildfires may turn out across most of Europe to be less than, or no worse, than, usual. Time will tell.

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5. Entropy (aka Mother Nature) is a cruel mistress. You don’t get to pretend to play her at her own game and then, at your convenience, defy her fundamental law, i.e. that she should always increase, which is in fact the Second Law of Thermodynamics. A forest has much higher entropy than a scrubland moor. Fire adapted forests are higher entropy than non fire adapted. Land management requires the continuous input of useful work/energy, e.g. animal grazing, agricultural farming, scrub clearance and controlled winter burns to maintain an artificial (but highly productive) biome. Start sodding around with that by introducing ‘Green’ land management and ‘rewilding’ farmland etc. whilst forgetting that there are low entropy humans wandering around with very low entropy boxes of matches, cigarette lighters and accelerants and you’re asking for trouble. Politicians don’t understand entropy.

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6. On our yearly road trips to southern Spain during the 90’s and early 2000’s we used the west coast route past Bordeaux every year at the beginning of July. I would lay money on there was a huge thunder storm with giant lightning all round us every year. The rain was so heavy all traffic on the motorway stopped for hours including the lorries. I also remember huge gaps in the forest planted with sun flowers and maize. On the flip side when the edges of the storms reached into Spain, in the mountains it wasn’t rain but huge hail the size of large marbles, we had to stop in fear of the windscreen shattering. The only fires we saw were in southern Spain where there had been no rain …. Yet, it was coming big time.

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7. I can now like comments again. Hooray.

   Another day, another wildfire. This one is in lowland England, so it has got some dreary idiots into a state of hysteria.

   The facts of the case are that the wildfire in question has occurred on Dunwich Heath, which is largely composed of old and very leggy heather, which was a time bomb waiting to go off (although nothing like as dangerous as maritime pine).

   Now, yesterday I said that if you exclude burning long enough, your habitat transitions to a non-burnable community. For Suffolk, that means heather is invaded by birch and pine, and a long time down the road, in comes oak. The oak shades out the heather, which is the fire adapted plant. Then you have a non-burnable community.

   But. If you want to keep the heath (it is now a rare habitat, although in times past it would have been considered wasteland) you have to regenerate the heather and keep creating bare areas. The usual way as seen in the moors is winter strip burning (there is a debate of course to be had about how much upland moorland should be retained as it is). Unfortunately, strip burning in winter is somewhat frowned upon, and the local land managers – maybe NT – have resorted to desultory efforts with a flail, leaving a hundred hectares or more just waiting to go up. Heather burns wet, in the middle of winter at 600 m, so it’s going to go well after a dry spell in July at 0 m.

   I am quite incensed by this photo released by Reuters:

   

   They’ve contrived to make it look as if Sizewell is on fire by using a very long lens (the fire is about 4 km away).

   BBC live coverage.

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8. “Europe turns to goats to prevent wildfires

   As abandoned farmland ignites around Europe, livestock and their appetites could be key to preventing wildfires.”

   https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-goat-herders-fire-fighters-wildfires-spain-france/

   …Preventing future blazes might depend on finding enough goats.

   The idea of using grazing animals to create firebreaks in the landscape is gaining traction as a serious solution, officially endorsed this year by the European Commission and the top farmers’ lobby. Researchers have credited livestock eating brush with restraining the spread of fires in the Extremadura, Andalusia and Valencia regions of Spain.

   Yet while the solution is low-tech, it’s not cheap, with shepherds often dependent on government subsidies to make a living. And the even bigger hurdle, fire control experts say, is politicians’ emphasis on fighting fires once they’re already lit, rather than investing in prevention….[my emphasis]….

   …Abandoned farmland grows over with shrubs that dry out or get replaced by vulnerable, homogenous forests that burn easily. The European space program’s satellite observatory, Copernicus, confirmed that the largest fires currently ravaging Europe are indeed happening in areas where forests and shrubland form large, connected landscapes….

   …The shepherding method shouldn’t be the only solution, said Urbano Fra Paleo of Extremadura University, but there’s also no way around it. Without the grazers, the low vegetation will just keep coming back, he said. 

   “The decision makers do not understand this,” said Fra. They just think in terms of managing the fire when this happens, but do not think in terms of managing the landscape.”

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9. In Scotland West Lothian when I was a kid 50yrs ago, it was gorse fires that raged almost every summer, but nobody panicked as they were not a threat & no wind to blow sparks.

   Must be terrifying in a forested area.

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10. I think we should be entitled to expect better than tabloid sensationalist headlines from the BBC, but sadly it’s now the norm, especially if they’re turning the story into one about the “climate crisis” [sic]:

    “Fire-ravaged heath ‘could take 25 years to recover'”

    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgl4zjl3zyo

    And where does that claim come from? Read on, and eventually you find:

    …”Some of that habitat will take five, 10, 25 years to come back to what it looked like before the fire broke out yesterday afternoon.”…

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11. It certainly won’t take 25 years, that much is for sure. The fire-adapted species (heather and gorse) will be back much faster. But it is well known that leggy heather regenerates more slowly compared to vigorous young heather. Birch and pine, with wind-blown seeds, will colonise rapidly – though naturally will take some time to achieve the stature they have today. It’s all a question of what habitat is wanted.

    Matt Ridley opines on the topic of controlled burning in today’s Mail. He is right as far as he goes, but does not respect the idea that ecological succession happens. On the moors, as I might have mentioned, most end points are woodland. But the flatter tops are likely to end up as Sphagnum bogs. It is this latter habitat that bans on burning on deep peat are intended to recreate. Heather-dominated habitat is entirely man-made.

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12. I recently read John Lister-Kaye’s book Song of the Rolling Earth: A Highland Odyssey, which is partly autobiographical and largely about the field centre he created at Aigas in the Scottish Highlands. It’s a fascinating book written by someone who cares deeply about the environment. The section dealing with heather uplands and how protecting them from deer and the like rapidly leads to natural reforestation was fascinating.

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13. Thanks for an excellent article covering a dozen important points which have received zero coverage in the French media, as far as I can see. I’ll just add a few points from the 24 hour coverage which has quite literally driven every other story out of the news for the past 3 weeks.

    France is on holiday of course, which means that, as in the 2003 heatwave, no important decisions can be made at any level above that of the local mayor. There’s a huge wave of public sympathy for firemen, local authorities, farmers, voluntary associations etc. and a corresponding disgust with all central authority. This will make itself felt at the “rentrée” (end of school holidays) in the usual French fashion, with predictable knock-on effects on next year’s presidential & parliamentary elections. Expect the centre, & anyone who has been in office this century, to disappear electorally.  

    The 4 Canadairs Jit mentioned in the 2022 report were reduced to 2, and are due to be delivered next year, I believe. With a 6% budget deficit, France is way over EU limits on public financing, & will be facing a Greece-style IMF crisis very soon, presumably after the victory of Marine le Pen next May. There is no money for anything, except of course the defence of Ukraine. 

    Current estimates of causes of the fires are 90% man-made, with 60% of those being deliberate. There have been over 200 arrests for arson, with some clear-cut cases already having been dealt with. Some have been voluntary firemen, but it will be interesting to see the motivation of others. I’ve seen reports of plans for a 10 minute city to the west of Bordeaux, plus Europe’s biggest solar panel park, plans that would become more attractive if the terrain is reduced to a desert. I wouldn’t be surprised if the obsessional fascination shown by the media hasn’t encouraged some feebleminded arsonists.   

    Media coverage has been overwhelming, hysterical, and disgraceful. For the 1st 2 weeks I never saw a map showing the extent of the fires. All senior staff at the TV channels are on holiday, & reporting is left to trainees from journalism schools. They’ll say things like: “Seven villages have been evacuated,” without telling you which ones, presumably because a list of names would spoil the stylistic effect of their polished French prose & get them marked down in their exams. The threat to large population centres is over for now, the death toll limited to two firemen, but the overall impression of the media coverage has been of a country fascinated by its own decline.       

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14. “I study the boreal forest. This summer wildfires came for my home

    Here are things that will – and will not – help us fight the threat of wildfires”

    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/jul/31/i-study-the-boreal-forest-this-summer-wildfires-came-for-my-home

    Not Bordeaux, but Canada. This article in the Guardian/Observer, pushes the climate change angle, naturally, but also usefully says that we need to:

    …acknowledge what is and isn’t within our control when it comes to managing forests. Everyone who lives or works in the boreal knows that humility is required. It stretches across roughly 750 million acres — more than 400 million soccer fields — and its sheer scale lays clear that we will never engineer our way out of fire.

    But that doesn’t mean forest management is irrelevant. In forests near communities, management can focus on planting swaths of deciduous trees – natural speed bumps for fire – and clearing brush and thinning dense stands around homes and evacuation routes.

    Intensive management in these near-community forests could help to slow fires down and give people more time in wildfire emergencies. In forests far from communities, there can be opportunities to rebuild the forest’s natural resilience by enhancing tree diversity with more fire resistant species, protecting areas least likely to sustain high‑intensity fire, and supporting Indigenous nations whose cultural burning practices have shaped these landscapes for millennia.

    These actions won’t stop all fires, nor would we want them to as fire is a necessary part of forest renewal, but they can help to shape where forests burn and how much smoke reaches the places where people live….

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15. Geoff: it will be interesting to know what the motivations of the arsonists were, if they ever come to light during the investigations. The cynic in me has a hypothesis that some people would be willing to set a fire to make a climate point. [I have no evidence for it.]

    Mark, wildfires in the middle of nowhere are no-one’s business. As we have seen elsewhere, people have a tendency to build settlements in the middle of flammable habitat, and then wonder why they get burnt out. But there is no mileage in trying to change the species composition on a large scale where no-one lives.

    As so often the case, “climate change” (if it can be said to contribute to wildfires, which I genuinely don’t believe) is a purely human problem. Floods and fires have gone on since before we were here, and will do so after we have gone. Nature laughs at the largest fire (which is why I am annoyed when reporters speak of areas “destroyed” by a fire).

    I can no longer “like” comments. That didn’t last long!

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16. Jit

    ..suddenly I can like comments, for the first time in months. Perhaps there’s a limit on how many people are allowed to like at one time.

    There have been examples of “green” arsonists in the USA I believe, and I noted that the environmental journalist in a recent TV discussion here in France was quick to dismiss the idea that deliberate arson played an important role.

    My son lives just between the area of the coastal fires and Bordeaux (the fire got to within 7 km of their home.) It’s all deciduous forest round there, a lot of oak, but it doesn’t look very old. It would be interesting to see if the fire stopped or was retarded at the boundary between pine & deciduous.

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17. Regarding the Dunwich Horror, in today’s Telegraph (no link as read on Pressreader):

    “Rewilding blamed for Suffolk wildfire”

    RSPB’s ‘green agenda’ accused of allowing shrubs to overgrow, causing Dunwich Heath blaze

    Well, yes and no. The aerial photography (see Google Earth) shows a large block of over-mature heather with a few trivial mown strips here and there – RSPB, or whomever is responsible for the management, cannot hide from this obvious point. However, the leggy heather did not cause the fire: that was a human. I’m hoping it was a genuine, hard to avoid accident, not an idiot dropping a cigarette. But the evidence of the photography is that the fire was made a lot more intense by the (lack of) management. (But still perhaps only 20% as intense as the fire fronts near Bordeaux.)

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18. This link might work for the Telegraph article:

    https://archive.ph/izbxE

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19. Another Telegraph article:

    “Disappearing villages leave Europe in era of fire

    The emptying countryside means land is becoming unguarded and vulnerable to blazes”

    https://archive.ph/STcMA#selection-2265.4-2269.86

    …In parts of Western Europe, a generational shift away from farming has replaced pastures and ploughed fields on the edges of settlements with wild vegetation that dries out during hot summers, serving as the perfect fuel for wildfires….

    …Spain and France have lost millions of hectares of arable and pastoral land between them over the past decade, as a generation of farmers retire and their children turn away from the land in favour of urban employment.

    The number of active farms in France has dropped from 1.6 million in 1970 to around 400,000 today. Meanwhile, studies estimate that Spain has lost up to three million hectares of wider agricultural and pastoral landscape…

    …“Where there are shepherds, the fields and forests are watched, 365 days a year,” he said. “The sheep and goats keep the grass short and prevent a proliferation of shrubs by eating any green shoots they see. That long grass and thick scrub is fuel for fires, and it burns so fast.”

    Dr Smith said: “In the early years you have an abundance of vegetation close to the ground such as shrubs and young trees, which are incredibly vulnerable. So you see this radical increase in risk to the populations that live near them.

    “You’ve also got the risk of much more extreme fires happening because of the sheer amount of flammable vegetation – that means faster moving fires and fires with larger flames which means they are more difficult to fight.”

    In France’s Gironde and Landes regions, where 240 homes were incinerated, experts blamed the territory’s closely packed pines – which produce dry, highly flammable needles – for helping the flames to spread….

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20. “Arson arrest made over largest of Washington state’s wildfires”

    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y3ppmmev1o

    A man has been arrested on suspicion of arson over the largest of the wildfires that have forced more than 60,000 people to evacuate from the city of Spokane in Washington state.

    Three major fires have been burning around the north-western state’s second-most-populous city since the weekend, with firefighters still working to contain the flames.

    Aaron Farinacci, 37, was allegedly seen kneeling near grass at the site of the fire and later found to have matches and a lighter, the Spokane County Sheriff said….

    This being a BBC Verify article, naturally it ends thus:

    …Scientists have said that human-induced climate change makes the warm, dry conditions that lead to wildfires more likely – as well as leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves and potential summer droughts.

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21. Mark, the line about making wildfires more likely is quite tautological, as well as facile. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been far higher than it is today. Was the planet a giant inferno then?

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22. “Fires started ‘deliberately’ on mountain as crews tackle blaze”

    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cz05xp0vvpro

    Fires are believed to have been deliberately started on a mountain where crews have been tackling a blaze since the weekend.

    The fire at Llanwonno, near Ferndale in the Rhondda Valley, began on Saturday afternoon with emergency services remaining at the scene….

    …A spokesperson for SWFRS said it continued to work with partner agencies to contain and extinguish the wildfire on Llanwonno mountain and prevent further spread, helping to protect nearby properties and communities.

    “There were reports of deliberate fire setting on the mountain [on Monday night],” they said….

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23. “Hundreds arrested over French wildfires, but who is to blame?”

    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgxjn92x9jo

    …A major driver is that climate is changing as a result of the well-documented way humanity is burning fossil fuels. Temperatures are only rising.

    But with records showing that nine out of 10 French wildfires are started by humans, the government in Paris is trying to attribute blame – although it is itself accused of being underprepared for the infernos that have now scorched more than 300,000 acres this summer.

    The interior ministry has announced 420 arrests of people alleged to have either started the fires deliberately or by accident. Among them are 166 minors.

    In one case, a 23-year-old man has been accused of deliberately starting 10 fires in the space of five days in the south-eastern Var area last month. He faces 15 years in prison and a €150,000 (£128,000) fine, if convicted.

    Many others have been tried and immediately sentenced, such as a man who received a three-year jail sentence for starting three recent fires in the Raon-L’Étape forest in the Vosges region….

    …Experts believe arson accounts for only a small fraction of fires. Most are believed to be accidental, with sparks potentially coming from construction work, faulty electrical equipment, cigarette butts and barbecues…

    …the damage these fires have inflicted on the environment, hundreds of homes, tourism, local businesses and air quality has left the French public with a lot of questions.

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24. “Firefighters in hospital as homes destroyed in West Midlands fires”

    BBC coverage.

    Several fires today. There was also one not far from our house here in sunny Norwich. I haven’t seen anything on causes yet on the BBC, so will search elsewhere for that.

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25. More on the local fires.

    “What we know so far about the West Midlands fires“

    You might begin with “How did they start?” I probably would have. However, some way down, we do come to that question – the most important, bar none, if the idea is never to have a repeat.

    The BBC begins by saying how hot it was. As Ray Bradbury reminded us, Fahrenheit 451 is an important number. This quote from that section was rather curious:

    Dr Kerryn Little – a wildfire researcher at the University of Birmingham – says the Midlands has been hit badly because of vegetation in urban areas.

    She added: “There’s a high amount of people moving around, resulting in ignitions.

    “When that meets with large areas of continuous vegetation that is built up, that can lead to wildfires.”

    Have you ever, when moving about, spontaneously ignited the vegetation around you, perhaps by friction?

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26. “Hundreds arrested on suspicion of arson in France as wildfires rage across Europe”

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/aug/14/arrested-suspicion-starting-wildfires-europe-france

    …Almost 500 people have been arrested on suspicion of starting wildfires in France since the start of the summer, authorities have said, as firefighters in half a dozen European countries tackle ferocious blazes amid a record-breaking heatwave….

    ….France’s interior ministry said 474 people, including 183 minors, had been detained over wildfires in the country since 1 July.

    About 70% of those arrested were suspected of deliberately starting fires and the rest of doing so accidentally. French media said a 15-year-old boy had been detained in connection with a fire near Bordeaux airport that killed two firefighters in July….

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27. The Guardian: never one to understate its case:

    “Without action wildfires in Europe will increase 39% even in best-case climate scenario, study finds

    Improvements in fire management however could mitigate increases by more than 70%, study shows”

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/aug/20/wildfires-europe-increase-climate-scenario-study

    Wildfires are projected to burn 39% more of Europe by the end of the century even in the best-case scenario for stopping the planet from heating, a study has found, unless action is taken to manage them better.

    The increase in hot, dry and windy weather that leads to small fires turning into raging infernos is to engulf more of Europe as carbon pollution pushes temperatures higher. In the worst-case scenario the researchers modelled, which would see global heating reach 3.6C above preindustrial levels, the burnt area would almost triple.

    Improvements in fire management could moderate those increases by more than 70%, the study found, but not eradicate them entirely….

    Happily, the article provides a link to the study:

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.71043

    It may be a brilliant piece of work, or it may not – I cheerfully admit that I don’t know, but I tend to be sceptical of studies based on modelling:

    …Using two fire models (SPITFIRE and BASE) coupled with the fire-enabled Dynamic Global Vegetation Model LPJmL, we simulate future burned area under two socio-economic and greenhouse gas concentration pathways (SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0)….

    However, the key thing is that the Guardian has chosen to report its findings in what I would argue is a misleading way (misinformation, anyone?). What it actually said is (quoting from the abstract):

    …Continued improvements in fire management capacity could substantially moderate these increases, reducing burned area by 72%–92% compared to scenarios without these improvements…

    72%-92% is technically covered by “more than 70%” but isn’t the same.

    In fairness, the Guardian does quote the best-case scenario from the study. The worst-case scenario is much worse:

    …By the end of the century, intensified fire weather alone could increase annual burned area by approximately +39% under a low emission scenario (SSP1-2.6) and by nearly +192% under a high emission scenario (SSP3-7.0). C…

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28. “Cause of fire that destroyed heathland unknown”

    BBC link.

    Either deliberate, or criminal negligence. But they won’t tell you that.

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29. Well, this is interesting, especially as it is in the Guardian:

    “Pine-cone grenades and planet-baking carbon: the French fires 170 years in the making – a visual guide

    An 1857 decree to drain swamps and plant a monoculture, detritus from the trees and global heating combined to produce the conditions for the Gironde inferno”

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/aug/23/french-fires-150-years-in-the-making-visual-guide

    …In the 18th century, the coastal wetlands of south-western France were so swampy that shepherds used stilts to cross them in winter. When an 1857 decree from Napoleon III forced landowners to drain the marsh and populate it with maritime pines, the water-logged landscape was converted into Europe’s largest human-made forest. It has since become a regional economic engine running on timber that employs 30,000 people.

    It is also a firefighter’s nightmare. The pines that make up 90% of the trees in the Landes forest hold resin that burns like petrol, needles that carpet the ground with flammable material and cones that whiz in the wind like grenades, spreading flames across breaks in vegetation that should act as barriers. Without the diversity offered by broad-leafed species, which retain more moisture and have shady canopies that stop vegetation from drying, the dense monoculture can burn with fury when sparks catch.

    That is what happened in 1949, when a blaze that began in a saw mill burned 50,000 hectares. Gorging on plentiful fuel and with few breaks to impede their spread, the flames killed 82 people, most of them volunteers racing to put out the fire. It remains Europe’s deadliest wildfire….

    …The source of ignition is under investigation, but workers contracted by Enedis, a utility company that manages France’s electricity distribution, were active in the area and reported having sparked a fire with a faulty machine. The Bordeaux public prosecutor, which has identified the machine as its leading line of inquiry, did not respond to requests for comment. Enedis declined to answer specific questions because of the continuing investigation.

    Most wildfires are started by humans through actions such as dropping cigarette butts, failing to properly extinguish campfires or dispose of barbecues. Public awareness campaigns to discourage reckless behaviour are thought to have contributed to a fall in the number of fires in southern Europe since the 1980s but preventing arson is much harder. French police have arrested nearly 500 people on suspicion of starting fires since the start of the summer, about 70% of which are thought to have been deliberate….

    …Among the evacuees was Hervé Jactel, a forest scientist at INRAE, a public research institute, who was forced to flee twice in two days. Watching Nasa maps with apprehension as the fire drew near, he lost a 20-year experiment investigating the diversity of forest trees as a result of burning biomass that jumped a cornfield. He said the fire had not come as a surprise.

    “From an ecological and forest management point of view, everything was in place to increase the risk of a very large fire,” he said. “Not only because of the climate, but because of the amount and homogeneity of the fuel.”…

    …Experts have called for rapid cuts to greenhouse gas emissions and better management of the land, such as breaking up continuous tracts of forest and diversifying tree species.

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30. They’ve been reading Cliscep?

    I do love the way experts say we have to do things that will help (land management), as well as things that either won’t help, or will make 1% difference in about 80 years (reducing CO2 emissions).

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