I wrote Global Cooling almost exactly two years ago. In it I noted that my part of the UK had experienced a very cold winter, and I also observed that the database of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was showing a 0.52C year-on-year fall in global land and ocean surface temperature between February 2020 and February 2021. Since I wrote that, I have been keeping an eye on NOAA’s monthly global climate report with a view to seeing whether or not that cooling trend was continuing.

The strange thing I have noticed is that although land temperatures don’t seem to be doing anything dramatic, NOAA’s monthly reports are full of hyperbole about global temperatures generally. For instance, the report published earlier this month in respect of April 2023 assures us that “April 2023 was the fourth-warmest April for the globe in NOAA’s 174-year record.” Yet, at the same time, we learn that although “Africa had its fourth-warmest April on record”, “South America tied 2007 for its ninth-warmest April” and it was only the 22nd warmest April on record in Asia, with the smallest April temperature anomaly since April 2010. In Pakistan, the national mean temperature for April was actually 0.26°C below the average. Meanwhile, North America, Europe and Oceania all saw April 2023 ranking outside the 20 warmest Aprils on record. Arctic sea ice saw only the eleventh smallest April extent on record (tied with April 2004). We are told that parts of Antarctica saw temperatures above average, but parts were below average, so there’s nothing much to see there either. Intriguingly, we also learn that “[l]ess than 1% of the world’s surface had a record-cold April.” That sounds pretty undramatic, but it does mean that some parts of the earth’s land mass saw a record cold month in records going back 174 years:

Coinciding with the release of the January 2023 Global Climate Report, the NOAA Global Surface Temperature (NOAAGlobalTemp) dataset version 5.1.0 replaced version 5.0.0. This new version includes complete global coverage and an extension of the data record back in time an additional 30 years to January 1850.

As for the year to date, it’s a similar story:

The January–April global surface temperature also ranked fourth warmest in the 174-year record at 1.03°C (1.85°F) above the 1901–2000 average of 12.6°C (54.8°F). According to NCEI’s statistical analysis, the year 2023 is very likely to rank among the 10 warmest years on record.

So, global warming continues unabated, then. Or does it? Not on land, it doesn’t. So far as the year to date is concerned, Europe and Africa apparently both come in with the third warmest, but South America saw only its seventh warmest first four months of the year, while Asia came in with the ninth warmest, North America with its fifteenth warmest, and Oceania tied with 1992 for the twenty-third warmest start to the year to date.

What is the explanation? It seems to be that sea surface temperature warming is ongoing (“Global ocean temperatures set a record high for Apr, and marked the second-highest ocean temperature on record for any month”), but that temperatures on land aren’t being so obliging to the alarmists. I thought I’d take a look at land temperature anomalies, and since 2016 is still said to be the warmest year on record, that seemed like a good place to start.

The global temperature across land surfaces for April 2016 set a new record, at 1.93C above the 20th century average. By April 2017 that anomaly had collapsed to just 1.37C above the twentieth century average, and was the joint fourth highest April temperature in the (then) 130 year record, the same as 2000 and 2010. April 2018 saw another fall, albeit more modest, to 1.31C above the average, and was thus only the ninth warmest April within the database. April 2019 saw rising temperatures, and came in at 1.48C above the average, making it the joint third April (tied with 2012). April 2020 saw another rise, to 1.66C above the average, and the excitement was palpable – it was second only to 2016. April 2021, however, saw the significant temperature drop I noticed when writing two years ago. It was just 1.25C above the twentieth century average, and was in a paltry twelfth place in the record books. April 2022 came in at 1.45C, warming alarmist hearts, as it was back up to sixth place. Yet April this year was cooler again, at just 1.31C above the twentieth century average, and registering 11th place in the record books. So here we are with land temperatures in April 2023 sitting at a whopping 0.62C below the record set in April 2016.

Of course, nobody will be talking about that. Interestingly, the northern hemisphere land temperature in April 2023 was only the 17th highest on record, yet the southern hemisphere land temperature is said to be the second highest on record. Year to date, by the way, sees southern hemisphere land temperatures as the tenth warmest on record, but northern hemisphere land temperatures as the fourth highest on record. Make of all that what you will.

Meanwhile, I would welcome an explanation as to how the southern hemisphere land temperature for April 2023 can be the second highest on record, while its constituent parts were all ranking much lower in the record books. Remember – South America joint 9th; Oceania outside the top twenty; Asia (granted it’s more a northern than a southern hemisphere continent), 22nd warmest; and Africa (also straddling the equator), fourth warmest.

I can’t help wondering if there’s really much point to all of this. I’d also like to know more about the latest dataset version, but that’s for another day.

19 Comments

  1. Mark, I wonder if this has something to do with the constant adjustments to the temperature field algorithm, as I mentioned here ?

    Alas, the value when it is announced is not a permanent record of what the temperature was. It is rather malleable. Another issue is the excessive precision, where NOAA claims to know the global temperature to within a hundredth of a degree. I doubt this is realistic.

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  2. Jit,

    Yes, very possibly. At first blush the NOAA work and website are very impressive, but I can’t help wondering if they’re worth a row of beans in reality.

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  3. Is this topic about weather or climate? I’m reasonably sure it doesn’t correspond to climate since the averages only involve time periods of maximum 31days, not 30 years. They are something in between. One might determine how temperatures progressively changed over 30 year periods using this data but I have never seen this done. Such changes averaged over years might indicate climate changes and in which season maximum changes might be occurring.. These are definitely occurring since I recall successive snowy Christmases in London as a boy (not occurring for many decades) and an absence of real pea-souper fogs in Novembers in Norfolk, something that definitely occurred each year when I first moved to Norwich but have been absent in successive recent winters.

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  4. Alan,

    It’s really about the utility (or otherwise) of statistics; about noting the warming sea surface temperature and observing that it doesn’t seem to be matched on land; about how that distinction is lost sight of by talking incessantly about combined sea surface and land temperature (how on earth do you establish such a thing?); and about how the mainstream media are oblivious to the difference.

    For instance we are continually being told that warmer air is capable of holding more moisture, so a warming planet increases the chance of flooding. But what if the land surface and the air above it isn’t warming much, and the much-vaunted warming is mostly driven by rising sea surface temperatures?

    I acknowledged in the global cooling article that this article follows on from, that these measures might be useful to ascertain medium to long term trends in climate, but even then we need to understand the numbers much better than the media do, rather than fudging them.

    I also continue to have doubts about new temperature series replacing old ones, and things such as that mentioned above by Jit and discussed in his linked article.

    I didn’t write a conclusion because I wanted people to contemplate the implications for themselves, and in doing so possibly making different points to the ones that occur to me.

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  5. Some extra statistics that I should perhaps have included in the article. Remember that we’re always being told that the high latitudes are warming far more quickly than equatorial and sub-equatorial regions. E.g.:

    “The Arctic is heating up nearly four times faster than the whole planet, study finds”

    https://www.npr.org/2022/08/11/1116608415/the-arctic-is-heating-up-nearly-four-times-faster-than-the-rest-of-earth-study-f

    The Arctic is heating up nearly four times faster than the Earth as a whole, according to new research. The findings are a reminder that the people, plants and animals in polar regions are experiencing rapid, and disastrous, climate change.

    Scientists previously estimated that the Arctic is heating up about twice as fast as the globe overall. The new study finds that is a significant underestimate of recent warming. In the last 43 years, the region has warmed 3.8 times faster than the planet as a whole, the authors find.

    The study focuses on the period between 1979, when reliable satellite measurements of global temperatures began, and 2021.

    “The Arctic is more sensitive to global warming than previously thought,” says Mika Rantanen of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, who is one of the authors of the study published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment.

    Well, NOAA’s monthly report just in says that Antarctic land & ocean combined saw April 2023 as the 7th warmest on record and the Arctic saw April 2023 as the 22nd warmest. As for the year to date (i.e. Jan-Apr 2023), Antarctic is experiencing the 43rd warmest start to the year, while the Arctic has seen the 9th warmest.

    These don’t mark anything of any great significance in themselves, long-term trends being the things to watch, but as with some of the other statistics, I don’t exactly see how they fit the ongoing alarmist narrative.

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  7. The results from NOAA for May 2023 are in:

    https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202305

    They show the same continuing mismatch between the headline figures (for combined sea and land temperatures) which seem to be driven almost entirely by sea temperatures. We learn that:

    May 2023 was the third-warmest May for the globe in NOAA’s 174-year record. The May global surface temperature was 0.97°C (1.75°F) above the 20th-century average of 14.8°C (58.6°F)….

    Yet:

    Temperatures were above average throughout most of North America, South America and Africa. Parts of western Europe, northwestern Russia, southeast Asia, the Arctic and northern and southern Oceania also experienced warmer-than-average temperatures this month….Temperatures were near to cooler than average across parts of the southeastern U.S., Greenland, eastern Europe, central and southern Asia, Australia and Antarctica. …

    Which doesn’t really sound very dramatic. It’s very much a mixed bag around the world:

    North America and South America each had a record-warm May….May in the contiguous U.S. ranked 11th warmest on record….Africa had its eighth-warmest May, Asia its 16th-warmest, and Europe its 20th-warmest….The United Kingdom had its seventh-warmest May….The Netherlands recorded a near-normal temperature for May. Meanwhile, Italy had a cooler-than-average May….Oceania had a lower-than-average May temperature. It was the region’s coolest May since 2011….New Zealand had its warmest May on record. May in Australia was 1.10°C below average, making it the coolest May since 2011. It was Australia’s second-driest May on record.

    Make of that what you will. It doesn’t sound particularly scary to me.

    …

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  8. Paul Homewood:

    Why Are The Seas Warming?

    On the BBC’s latest piece about apparently rapidly warming seas round the British Isles:

    “Climate change: Sudden heat increase in seas around UK and Ireland”

    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-65948544

    The BBC’s piece spends much of it not talking about the subject-matter of the headline, instead taking the opportunity to pump out the usual propaganda. However, I was intrigued by this:

    Scientists are not sure why we are seeing this record heat in the waters around the UK and across the North Atlantic, but they say climate change is certainly playing a crucial role.

    Question: if they are not sure why we are seeing the heat in the oceans, how can they state with apparent certainty that climate change is playing a crucial role? That sounds more like religion than science.

    I was also intrigued by this:

    But other factors are likely also playing a role.

    Professor Michael Mann, an atmospheric scientist at Penn State University, says weaker than average winds have reduced the amount of dust from the Sahara Desert in the atmosphere.

    Saharan dust blocks and reflects some of the sun’s energy out of the atmosphere, moderating sea temperatures.

    The trade winds have been unusually light this year and, at the same time, a persistent weather pattern with easterly winds from the continental US may also have helped warm the sea surface.

    Another factor could be the effects of a reduction in pollution from shipping.

    Regulations reducing the sulphur content of fuel burned by ships were brought in by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) in 2020.

    This significantly reduces the amount of aerosol particles released into the atmosphere, the IMO says.

    But aerosols that pollute the air can also help reflect heat back into space, so removing them may have caused more heat to enter the waters.

    Intriguing, and encouraging to see the quote from Michael Mann. I’m no scientist and I have no idea who, if anyone, is right about all this, but it’s very good to see Michael Mann talking about natural factors relating to climate.

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  9. Mark – thanks for that BBC link & quote from MM.

    it was repeated almost word for word by BBC weather guy at 6:30pm with big red things around the UK & Justin pissing his pants again.

    looking on the bright side – The Met Office says we can expect the hot weather to continue.
    It says there is a 45% chance – significantly higher than usual – that the UK will have what it describes as a “hot summer”.

    you have to laugh, high gas/fuel prices & a “hot summer”, sounds good to me.
    wonder what solar is adding to the grid in this sunny weather?

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  10. It’s a peculiar trait of humans that they can’t resist the temptation to anthropomorphise things – dogs, cats, cars, you name it, even the weather, even climate. They just can’t abide the thought of being muscled out by God or by nature, of not having influence. Hence the attempt to explain warming as being due to man-made greenhouse gas emissions, and when that doesn’t work too well, observed sudden warming to the absence of man-made aerosols which cause cooling! The persistent and annoying (to climate alarmists) North Atlantic ‘cold blob’ is a good example:

    https://www.carbonbrief.org/scientists-shed-light-on-human-causes-of-north-atlantics-cold-blob/

    The mid twentieth century cooling is another example. ‘Scientists’ can’t explain it in terms of greenhouse gases, so they attribute the cooling principally to man-made aerosols, rather than admit the supremacy of nature.

    So, it stands to reason, the current warming of the seas around the British Isles must be ‘partly due’ to global warming and partly due to the disappearance of anthropogenic aerosols; oh, and (grudgingly) some of it might be due to natural weather patterns and ocean circulation.

    https://www.carbonbrief.org/scientists-shed-light-on-human-causes-of-north-atlantics-cold-blob/

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  11. The Guardian’s story on this doesn’t quite provide the hype within the narrative that I suspect they intended:

    “‘Quite weird’: sea temperature rise in north-east of England worries residents
    Mixed reactions greet dramatic fluctuation in sea temperatures in Tynemouth”

    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/19/quite-weird-sea-temperature-rise-in-north-east-of-england-worrying-for-residents

    The temperature rise for the north-east of England is particularly striking and it was concerning for swimmers and surfers out on the beach on Monday lunchtime. But most admitted they have yet to fully notice it.

    “It has felt as cold as normal, if I’m honest,” said 23-year-old Nathan Henderson, an instructor at Tynemouth surf company who has been surfing off the coast of north-east England since he was nine.

    “The sea here does gradually get warmer from April and the hottest month of the year, in the water, is September. That’s just how it works round here. I’ve not felt the sea getting warmer recently…”

    Most people braving the Tynemouth sea on Monday did not dip in above their knees. There was a lot of running in boldly and running out frantically.

    One fearless soul was Henry Harvey, a 19-year-old footballer for Blyth Town, who was in the sea with two friends. “It was really cold”, he said. “But it’s always cold. It’s never warm … you jump headfirst in and it’s a shock, but it’s good for you.”

    Barry Henderson has owned Longsands surf school for 12 years and is in the sea practically every day.

    “We surf all year and it’s always the same. In winter you surf with boots, gloves and a hood on and as you come into the warmer weather you want to take your boots and gloves off as quick as you can because it’s nicer to surf.

    “Maybe this year a couple of the younger lads probably had their gloves off quite early but it still has felt bloody freezing. It hasn’t felt massively different.

    “Some days I’ve gone in and thought the sea’s warming up. I’ve never gone in and thought, ‘it’s warm’.”…

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  12. I was quite surprised how warm the Loch water in Scotland was. That was just before the weather turned even hotter, but even so, after weeks of sunshine and settled conditions. With a static body of water, the ONLY way it can be warmed is by direct short wave solar radiation (discounting geothermal). Long wave infrared radiation CANNOT warm a body of water. Neither can warm air in contact with it because of the vast difference in the heat capacities of air and water. The official explanation for the rise in ocean heat content is that heat is prevented from escaping from a microscopic surface layer via the so called ‘skin effect’, where incident long wave radiation penetrating this microscopic surface layer warms it enough to reduce the temperature gradient between the water beneath and the air above, thus slowing down heat loss, but that requires a stretch of the imagination. It’s far more obvious to note that seas or lakes are heated by direct short wave radiation from the sun (the more sun, the greater the heating) which is able to penetrate several feet below the surface. Infra red radiation cannot penetrate below the surface of water. So, it may be that the seas around the British Isles have been heated directly by weeks of strong sunshine. It may also be the case that warmer water is being transported from further south, although the east coast does not generally benefit from the Gulf Stream.

    Liked by 1 person

  13. “New Satellite Evidence Suggests 20-Year Fall in Extreme Rainfall Events Globally”

    https://dailysceptic.org/2023/06/22/new-satellite-evidence-suggests-20-year-fall-in-extreme-rainfall-events-globally/

    In its latest assessment report, the UN’s International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that the frequency and intensity of global heavy rainfall events “have likely increased” over the majority of land regions. The claim forms the backdrop for countless stories of increased deadly flash-flooding brought on by human-caused climate change. Alas, for catastrophists, the evidence suggests it would be more accurate for the IPCC to note that recent rainfall intensity has ‘likely not increased’ across the globe.

    A new study by a group of international scientists investigating recently-available specialist satellite data found that precipitation trends in the 21st century have become less intense on a global scale. The paper is behind a paywall, but the science site No Tricks Zone (NTZ) highlights the main conclusions. Over large precipitation systems, measured in millimetres per hour per century, global rainfall intensity is flat from 2000-2020, while medium and small systems have declined. NTZ observes that hydrological processes were expected to intensify, “but the opposite has happened”….

    I haven’t yet had time to look at the report itself, but you can find it here:

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169423003281

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  14. NOAA’s analysis for June 2023 is out now:

    “Earth just had its hottest June on record
    Global sea surface temperature departure from average hit a record high”

    https://www.noaa.gov/news/earth-just-had-its-hottest-june-on-record

    Yet again, though, it’s the sea temperature that is driving this. You wouldn’t think it from the recent hysterical media reporting, but the reality, according to NOAA, is that North America had its 7th warmest June on record; South America and Europe both had their fourth warmest Junes; New Zealand had its 5th warmest and Australia its 7th warmest; Asia had its joint fourth warmest; Africa had its joint third warmest; the only places they manage to establish had their hottest Junes were the Caribbean, the Netherlands, and the UK (and as we have discussed here, the claim that it was the warmest June on record in the UK seems barely believable, given how cool it was for much of June over large parts of the country).

    Even including sea temperature:

    The first half of 2023 ranked as the third warmest such YTD on record, with a global temperature of 1.82 degrees F (1.01 degrees C) above the 20th-century average of 56.3 degrees F (13.5 degrees C).

    More detail can be found here:

    https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-202306

    Stuff like:

    Combined, record-warm temperatures covered just over 8.6% of the world’s surface this month, which marks the highest June percentage since 1951.

    Temperatures were near to cooler than average across parts of the U.S., Greenland, western Russia, Pakistan and northern India, western Australia, Chad and northeastern Nigeria. Sea surface temperatures were near to below average over parts of the central-eastern and southeastern Pacific and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Less than 1% of the world’s surface had a record-cold June.

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  15. This is the top story on the BBC website this morning:

    “Ocean heat record broken, with grim implications for the planet”

    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-66387537

    The oceans have hit their hottest ever recorded temperature as they soak up warmth from climate change, with dire implications for our planet’s health.

    The average daily global sea surface temperature beat a 2016 record this week, according to the EU’s climate change service Copernicus.

    It reached 20.96C. That’s far above the average for this time of year….

    Nowhere does the article mention in words (you have to look closely at the notes to a graph half-way down to find out) that the previous record was 20.95C, set on 29th March 2016. That was towards the end of the significant 2014-2016 El Nino:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_El_Ni%C3%B1o_event

    In fairness, the article does acknowledge that point:

    The new average temperature record beats one set in 2016 when the naturally occurring climate fluctuation El Niño was in full swing and at its most powerful.

    El Niño happens when warm water rises to the surface off the west coast of South America, pushing up global temperatures.

    Another El Niño has now started but scientists say it is still weak – meaning ocean temperatures are expected to rise further above average in the coming months.

    I would also like to know the extent to which sea surface warming is reflected below the sea surface, and how far such warming is occurring below the surface (if at all). If there’s not a lot going on much below the surface, then this bear of small brain struggles to understand the issue. The article says this:

    Warmer waters have less ability to absorb carbon dioxide, meaning more of that planet-warming gas will stay in the atmosphere. And it can also accelerate the melting of glaciers that flow into the ocean, leading to more sea level rise.

    Hotter oceans and heatwaves disturb marine species like fish and whales as they move in search of cooler waters, upsetting the food chain. Experts warn that fish stocks could be affected.

    But if the warming is only at or near the surface, do those comments hold true?

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  16. UAH hasn’t been updated for July yet, but the record global ocean temperature is 0.68C set in April 1998, 2nd was 0.62C in February 2016 – both due to El Ninos. June 2023 was 0.32. I imagine the figure for July will exceed 0.6C. The SUN heats the oceans, most powerfully in the tropics. All that El Ninos do is alter the way that heat is distributed, first around the tropics and then across the globe, by reversing the direction of the flow in the central Pacific (from east-west to west-east), at the same time tending to confine warmer waters nearer to the surface, thus bumping up oceanic surface temperatures, which heat the air immediately above and moisten it, in turn creating water vapour radiative feedbacks, which add to the heat. Changes in circulation and/or cloud cover over the tropics MUST explain what has been happening since about March 2023 when ocean temperatures diverged radically from the traditional seasonal pattern. I suspect there is much we are not being told, in preference for simply stating, with zero scientific credibility, that ‘the oceans are soaking up the heat from climate change’. Accumulating CO2 and other GHGs simply CANNOT be creating this sudden spike in global temperatures.
    https://www.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/v6.0/tlt/uahncdc_lt_6.0.txt

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  17. NOAA’s report for July 2023 is in:

    “Earth had its warmest July on record; fourth consecutive month of record-high global ocean surface temperature”

    https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-202307

    After all the media hype about July being so hot everywhere (except in the UK…), the headline comes as no surprise.

    It’s the sea (or at least its surface, which in many ways is a very different thing) that’s hot:

    July 2023 set a record for the highest monthly sea surface temperature anomaly (+1.78°F or +0.99°C) of any month in NOAA’s 174-year record.

    Here are the land records:

    Asia, Africa, and South America each had their warmest July on record. South America had its highest monthly temperature anomaly of any month on record at 3.94°F (2.19°C). North America had its second-warmest July and Europe had its eighth-warmest July. July in Oceania ranked 11th warmest on record. Both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Islands region experienced their warmest July on record. After all the hype about how extraordinarily the Med was supposed to be in July, I find it strange that Europe managed only its 8th warmest month. Meanwhile, this doesn’t grab any headlines:

    Temperatures were near to cooler than average across parts of the central U.S. and Canada, Greenland, western Russia, Pakistan and northern India, western Oceania, southern Africa and Antarctica. Sea surface temperatures were near to below average over parts of the central-eastern and southeastern Pacific, the Arctic Ocean and the southeastern Indian Ocean. Less than 1% of the world’s surface had a record-cold July.

    Weren’t we assailed by the media regarding scorching temperatures in northern India in July?

    As for global tropical cyclones:

    Eight named storms occurred across the globe in July, which is near the 1991–2020 average of 9.6. Seven of those reached tropical cyclone strength (≥74 mph), including three that reached major tropical cyclone strength (≥111 mph). These counts are both above the 1991–2020 averages for July. The global accumulated cyclone energy, an integrated metric of the strength, frequency, and duration of tropical systems, was near the July climatological average.

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  18. “Climate crisis is accelerating, scientists warn, after unusually warm July breaks Australian records
    Many weather stations in Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart clocked their highest July temperatures ever as the country’s winters get hotter”

    https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2023/aug/16/climate-crisis-global-warming-july-weather-australia

    The article includes a graph, which shows Australian winters getting warmer over the long-term (and no doubt they are), but it also seems to show a cooling trend over approximately the last 15 years, which hardly supports a headline that anything (let alone a “climate crisis”) is accelerating. If anything, it would seem to show that it is slowing or retreating. And it sits a little uneasily with NOAA’s report for July showing that in Oceania July was only the 11th warmest month on record.

    I suppose it all depends on which statistics one uses and how they are interpreted. The Guardian will always choose the statistics and interpret them in the way which best supports its increasingly hysterical narrative.

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  19. The results are in from NOAA for August 2023, and also for the northern hemisphere summer and the southern hemisphere winter:

    https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-202308

    This time it’s fair to say that record heat abounds, with warmest Augusts and/or summers/winters in places as far apart as Asia, Africa, Caribbean and South America.

    Curiously, though, the places where heat has been most hyped this summer are places that haven’t set records. The contiguous United States had only their 9th warmest August and 15th warmest summer in the 129 year record, while Europe had its second warmest August and third warmest summer on record. Specifically:

    France had its fourth-warmest summer on record.
    Summer 2023 in Italy ranked eighth warmest on record.
    Switzerland had its fifth-warmest summer on record.
    The United Kingdom reported provisionally its eight-warmest summer since records began in 1884. Given the lousy July and August in the UK this year, I struggle to see how that last claim can conceivably be true.

    Meanwhile “Temperatures were near or below average across parts of the central and eastern U.S., western Russia, Antarctica, and India and Pakistan.”.

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